OBJECTIVE:

To analyze the anopheline fauna in Belém (1930-2022), relating climate and urbanization to malaria transmission risks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Retrospective data on anopheline fauna collected between the 1930s and 2022 and records from the Municipal Health Department were used. The information was organized in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, forming a database. For analysis, a hierarchical cluster method based on Euclidean distance and Ward's method was applied using R software. Climatic data (temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity) were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology.

RESULTS:

During the study period, the mean temperature remained around 30 °C, relative humidity above 80%, and rainfall showed an increasing trend. A total of 23 Anopheles species were identified: 18 species were recorded in the 1940s-1950s, decreasing to 14 between 2000 and 2010. Anopheles aquasalis was the most frequent species, demonstrating high adaptability, while Anopheles darlingi disappeared in more recent periods.

CONCLUSION:

Environmental changes resulting from urbanization, such as forest fragmentation and the development of urban ecotopes, created conditions for the persistence and adaptation of vector species such as An. aquasalis, which was the most prevalent throughout the historical series analyzed. Although control measures have contributed to reduced transmissibility over time, the area's receptivity underscores the need for continuous surveillance strategies.