OBJECTIVE:

This study analyzes the health inequalities faced by quilombola communities in the Brazilian Amazon, considering social determinants, access barriers, traditional care practices, and the challenges in implementing the National Policy for the Comprehensive Health of the Black Population (PNSIPN).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The research consisted of a literature review with an anthropological approach, covering scientific articles, governmental and multilateral documents, and books addressing historical, legal, and cultural aspects. The descriptors used were: "quilombolas," "public health," "medical anthropology," "public health policies," and "Amazon."

RESULTS:

Quilombola health is closely linked to territoriality, spirituality, and ancestral practices, and is affected by multiple social and structural determinants. Limited access to basic health services, statistical invisibility, and institutional racism are significant barriers to achieving equity. The study also highlights the centrality of traditional knowledge and the resistance of quilombola women in health care. The discussion shows that although the PNSIPN represents an important normative advance, its implementation is uneven, especially in remote areas of the Amazon, requiring territorialized and intercultural strategies.

CONCLUSION:

Promoting quilombola health requires an interdisciplinary perspective sensitive to cultural, historical, and territorial specificities, aligned with SDG 3 and SDG 10. Medical Anthropology provides tools to recognize and value traditional knowledge, promote intercultural dialogue, and support more inclusive public policies. Overcoming structural racism and adopting practices that respect historical, cultural, and territorial singularities are essential to ensuring the right to comprehensive health for these populations.