<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2176-6223</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Pan-Amazônica de Saúde]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Pan-Amaz Saude]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2176-6223</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Evandro Chagas. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente. Ministério da Saúde]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2176-62232019000100020</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5123/s2176-6223201900044</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The effects of mother education and intervening mechanisms on rural-urban child stunting: evidence from Pakistan]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Efeitos da escolaridade das mães e dos mecanismos intervenientes no déficit de crescimento de crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas: evidências do Paquistão]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farooq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Muhammad Umar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rafique]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Muhammad Zahid]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Muhammad Abdul Rehman]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Government College University Faisalabad  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Faisalabad Punjab]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Shandong University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Jinan Shandong]]></addr-line>
<country>China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Engineering and Technology  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Taxila Punjab]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2176-62232019000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2176-62232019000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2176-62232019000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  OBJECTIVES:  Estimate the impact of mother schooling on rural-urban child chronic malnutrition from Pakistan.  MATERIALS AND METHODS:  The data on all education based pathways, such as socio-demographic and behavioral, were taken from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13 dataset. The data on all infants aged 0-59 months, whose height and weight were measured at the survey time, were selected for empirical analysis. Analyses with binary logistic regression model were used to determine the effect of mother formal schooling on rural-urban infant stunting after controlling for other factors deeply linked to her schooling.  RESULTS:  Empirical results showed that urban mothers having primary and secondary/higher education have less likelihood of stunting for their infants than rural mothers relative to illiterate mothers, implying that illiterate mothers have more stunted kids. Male household head and poor economic rank have more likelihood of stunting in both locations, relative to female household head and rich households. Among explanatory variables, maternal schooling, health seeking attitude, socioeconomic rank, empowerment, and child weight are highly significant predictors of stunting in rural-urban Pakistan. Despite of earlier significant outcomes, targeted interventions are important aiming at mothers having no education.  CONCLUSION:  Female education, along with various other pathways (her socioeconomic, empowerment and heal seeking thought), has reduced chronic malnutrition and has been a guarantee of better living standard, still targeted interventions are important aiming at mothers having no education by specifying a big share of federal and regional budget on female education.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO  OBJETIVOS:  Estimar o impacto da escolaridade das mães na desnutrição crônica de crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do Paquistão.  MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS:  Dados relacionados à educação materna, como sociodemográficos e comportamentais, foram extraídos da Pesquisa Demográfica e de Saúde do Paquistão 2012-13. Dados sobre crianças de 0 a 59 meses de idade, cuja altura e peso foram medidos durante a pesquisa, foram selecionados para análise empírica. Análises com o modelo de regressão logística binária foram usadas para determinar o efeito da escolarização da mãe sobre o déficit de crescimento de crianças, após o controle de outros fatores ligados à sua escolaridade.  RESULTADOS:  Os resultados empíricos mostraram que as mães urbanas com ensino fundamental e médio/superior têm menor probabilidade de terem filhos com déficit de crescimento do que as mães rurais em relação às mães analfabetas; as mães analfabetas têm maior probabilidade de terem filhos com déficit de crescimento. Homens chefes de família e baixa renda familiar têm maior relação com o déficit de crescimento em ambos os locais. Entre as variáveis explicativas, escolaridade materna, atitude em busca da saúde, nível socioeconômico, empoderamento e peso da criança são preditores significativos de déficit de crescimento em áreas urbanas e rurais do Paquistão.  CONCLUSÃO:  A educação feminina, juntamente com outras variáveis (nível socioeconômico, empoderamento e busca por atendimento de saúde), tem reduzido a desnutrição crônica e sido uma garantia de um melhor padrão de vida; ainda assim, intervenções direcionadas são importantes para mães com baixo nível educacional, demandando investimentos na educação feminina.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Stunting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Empowerment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Binary Logistic Regression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pakistan.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Transtornos de Crescimento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Empoderamento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Regressão Logística Binária]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Paquistão]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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